Tutkimuksista on koostettu ei-mairittelevaa tietoa GO:n (grafeenioksidin) vaikutuksista elimistöön, toin tähän myös tutkimusten nimet/tekijät, joihin numero tietojen jälkeen viittaa:
GO can result in DNA damage, acute inflammation responses, mitochondrial damage, and chronic injury by interfering with the normal physiological functions of important organs, glands, and tissues.30, 31
DNA Damage
Due to its small size, high surface area, and surface charge, GO may possess significant genotoxic properties and cause severe DNA damage, for example, chromosomal fragmentation, DNA strand breakages, point mutations, and oxidative DNA adducts and alterations. 32, 33, 34, 35 Mutagenesis was observed in mice after intravenous injection of GO at a dose of 20 mg/kg compared with cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg), a classic mutagen.36 Even if GO cannot enter the nucleus of a cell, it may still interact with DNA during mitosis when the nuclear membrane breaks down, which increases the opportunity for DNA aberrations.37
Inflammatory Response
GFNs can cause a significant inflammatory response including inflammatory cell infiltration, pulmonary edema, and granuloma formation at high doses via intratracheal instillation or intravenous administration.38, 39 Platelets are the important components in clot formation to attack pathogens and particulate matter during the inflammatory response, and GO could directly activate platelet-rich thrombi formation to occlude lung vessels after intravenous injection.40, 41,42 In fact, many now claim the thrombosis, microthrombi, and vascular injury that is adversely associated with the COVID inoculation not only is due to the creation of spike proteins throughout the capillary endothelium but may also be due the GO contained in the formulation. Physicians are starting to monitor the occurrence of capillary microthrombi post-inoculation using a laboratory D-dimer test.
Mitochondrial Damage
Oxygen-derived radicals (oxidative free radicals) are generated constantly as part of normal aerobic life. They are formed in mitochondria as oxygen is reduced along the electron transport chain. These reactive oxygen species are also formed as necessary intermediates in a variety of enzyme reactions. Mitochondria are energy production centers involved in various signaling pathways in cells and are also a key point of apoptotic (cell death) regulation.
In one study, after exposure to GO and carboxyl graphene (GXYG), the mitochondrial membrane was depolarized, and the number of mitochondria decreased in HepG2 cells.43
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Most importantly, GFNs* are a known and proven toxic material to human biological regulatory systems. Common mechanisms of cytotoxicity of GFNs have been reported in the literature on different cell types and include: the physical interaction with cell membranes, disruption of cell cytoskeleton, oxidative stress due to production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial damage, DNA damage, such as chromosomal fragmentation, DNA strand breakages, point mutations and oxidative DNA alterations, autophagy, and apoptosis and/or necrosis. Graphene oxide shows stress-induced toxicity properties in vivo under different pathophysiological conditions. A dual-path chemical mechanism, involving the overproduction of hydroxyl radicals and the formation of oxidizing cytochrome c intermediates, is partly responsible for the toxicity properties. Regardless of the intent behind the use of graphine oxide, its use in vaccines is deleterious to human biology. All this stresses the need for urgent and further long-term biocompatibility assessment of this material within the body, particularly nerve tissues.
*) Graphene family nanomaterial
Lähteet:
30. Wang, Dan, Lin Zhu, Jian-Feng Chen, and Liming Dai. "Can graphene quantum dots cause DNA damage in cells?." Nanoscale 7, no. 21 (2015): 9894-9901.
31. De Marzi, L., L. Ottaviano, F. Perrozzi, M. Nardone, S. Santucci, J. De Lapuente, M. Borras, E. Treossi, V. Palermo, and A. Poma. "Flake size-dependent cyto and genotoxic evaluation of graphene oxide on in vitro A549, CaCo2 and vero cell lines." Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents 28, no. 2 (2014): 281-289.
32. Chatterjee, Nivedita, JiSu Yang, and Jinhee Choi. "Differential genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects of graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) in human bronchial epithelial cells." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 798 (2016): 1-10.
33. Ivask, Angela, Nicolas H. Voelcker, Shane A. Seabrook, Maryam Hor, Jason K. Kirby, Michael Fenech, Thomas P. Davis, and Pu Chun Ke. "DNA melting and genotoxicity induced by silver nanoparticles and graphene." Chemical Research in Toxicology 28, no. 5 (2015): 1023-1035.
34. Wang, Dan, Lin Zhu, Jian-Feng Chen, and Liming Dai. "Can graphene quantum dots cause DNA damage in cells?." Nanoscale 7, no. 21 (2015): 9894-9901.
35. Ren, Hongliu, Chong Wang, Jiali Zhang, Xuejiao Zhou, Dafeng Xu, Jing Zheng, Shouwu Guo, and Jingyan Zhang. "DNA cleavage system of nanosized graphene oxide sheets and copper ions." ACS nano 4, no. 12 (2010): 7169-7174.
36. Liu, Yuanyuan, Yi Luo, Jing Wu, Yinsong Wang, Xiaoying Yang, Rui Yang, Baiqi Wang, Jinrong Yang, and Ning Zhang. "Graphene oxide can induce in vitro and in vivo mutagenesis." Scientific reports 3, no. 1 (2013): 1-8.
37. Golbamaki, Nazanin, Bakhtiyor Rasulev, Antonio Cassano, Richard L. Marchese Robinson, Emilio Benfenati, Jerzy Leszczynski, and Mark TD Cronin. "Genotoxicity of metal oxide nanomaterials: review of recent data and discussion of possible mechanisms." Nanoscale 7, no. 6 (2015): 2154-2198.
38. Li, Bo, Jianzhong Yang, Qing Huang, Yi Zhang, Cheng Peng, Yujie Zhang, Yao He et al. "Biodistribution and pulmonary toxicity of intratracheally instilled graphene oxide in mice." NPG Asia Materials 5, no. 4 (2013): e44-e44.
39. Zhang, Xiaoyong, Jilei Yin, Cheng Peng, Weiqing Hu, Zhiyong Zhu, Wenxin Li, Chunhai Fan, and Qing Huang. "Distribution and biocompatibility studies of graphene oxide in mice after intravenous administration." carbon 49, no. 3 (2011): 986-995.
40. Singh, Sunil K., Manoj K. Singh, Paresh P. Kulkarni, Vijay K. Sonkar, José JA Grácio, and Debabrata Dash. "Amine-modified graphene: thrombo-protective safer alternative to graphene oxide for biomedical applications." ACS nano 6, no. 3 (2012): 2731-2740.
41. Fujimi, Satoshi, Malcolm P. MacConmara, Adrian A. Maung, Yan Zang, John A. Mannick, James A. Lederer, and Peter H. Lapchak. "Platelet depletion in mice increases mortality after thermal injury." Blood 107, no. 11 (2006): 4399-4406.
42. Lammel, Tobias, Paul Boisseaux, Maria-Luisa Fernández-Cruz, and José M. Navas. "Internalization and cytotoxicity of graphene oxide and carboxyl graphene nanoplatelets in the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep G2." Particle and fibre toxicology 10, no. 1 (2013): 1-21.
43. Ou, Lingling, Bin Song, Huimin Liang, Jia Liu, Xiaoli Feng, Bin Deng, Ting Sun, and Longquan Shao. "Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms." Particle and fibre toxicology 13, no. 1 (2016): 1-24.
44. Gurunathan, Sangiliyandi, Jae Woong Han, Vasuki Eppakayala, and Jin-Hoi Kim. "Green synthesis of graphene and its cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cells." International journal of nanomedicine 8 (2013): 1015.
46. Duch, Matthew C., GR Scott Budinger, Yu Teng Liang, Saul Soberanes, Daniela Urich, Sergio E. Chiarella, Laura A. Campochiaro et al. "Minimizing oxidation and stable nanoscale dispersion improves the biocompatibility of graphene in the lung." Nano letters 11, no. 12 (2011): 5201-5207.
Grafeenioksideilla ja koko "grafeeniperheen" nanokuiduilla on potentiaalia olla elimistölle monin tavoin haitaksi, mutta nyt emme voi olla varmoja onko sellaisia nykyisiin mRNA-injektioihin laitettu.
Sen tiedämme kuitenkin 100% varmasti, että tähän on ollut pyrkimys ja grafeenioksidit ja grafeenin muut nanotuotteet ovat olleet oleellinen osa modernien "rokotteiden" kehityksessa, kuten mm. patenteista näemme.
Voinemme olla kuitenkin turvallisin mielin, koska ihmisille annettuja mRNA-valmisteita testattiin todella pitkään ja hartaasi, eikä pitkäaikaisvaikutuksista, mitä yllä on joitakin listattu, ole pelkoa.